What are the symptoms before menstruation (PMS) and how do they differ from pregnancy symptoms?

Menstruation is a natural process that occurs in all women of reproductive age. Before their period starts, some women may experience lower abdominal pain, irritability, or mood swings — symptoms collectively known as PMS (Premenstrual Syndrome).

These symptoms usually subside within 2–3 days after menstruation begins. However, in some cases, they can be severe enough to interfere with daily life. Let’s take a closer look at what causes PMS and how to manage it effectively.

PMS (Premenstrual Syndrome) refers to a set of physical and emotional symptoms that occur about 1–2 weeks before menstruation. These symptoms are caused by changes in female hormone levels during the premenstrual phase. PMS can significantly disrupt daily life for many women, as it affects both physical health and emotional well-being.

The primary cause of PMS (Premenstrual Syndrome) is the fluctuation in the levels of female hormones, particularly estrogen and progesterone, during the ovulation phase of the menstrual cycle. These hormonal changes can significantly affect both the body and mind. Several internal and external factors may also contribute to the severity of PMS symptoms:

Internal Factors:

• Hormonal changes during ovulation: The levels of estrogen and progesterone rise more than usual during this phase. PMS symptoms typically disappear during times when ovulation doesn't occur, such as during pregnancy or after menopause.

• Changes in brain chemicals: A decrease in serotonin levels, a neurotransmitter that affects mood, may also trigger emotional symptoms associated with PMS.

External Factors:

• Personal or family history of emotional or medical conditions: Conditions such as dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation), major depressive disorder, postpartum depression, seasonal affective disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, schizophrenia, or bipolar disorder can increase the likelihood of PMS.

• Family history of PMS: Women with close relatives who have experienced PMS may be more likely to develop it themselves.

• Physical or emotional trauma: Experiences such as domestic violence or other forms of abuse can contribute to PMS symptoms.

• Certain lifestyle habits: Risky behaviors like substance abuse, smoking, a diet high in salty or processed foods, high stress levels, lack of physical activity, and inadequate sleep can all exacerbate PMS symptoms.

Emotional and Psychological Symptoms:

• Mood swings and irritability

• Feeling stressed

• Difficulty concentrating

• Feeling sad or crying easily over small things

• Anxiety

• Increased appetite or food cravings

• Insomnia or trouble sleeping

Physical Symptoms:

• Breast tenderness

• Muscle and joint pain

• Headaches

• Abdominal pain or bloating

• Constipation or diarrhea

• Weight gain

• Fatigue or low energy

• Acne breakouts

Severe Premenstrual Symptoms (PMDD)
PMDD, or Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder, is a severe form of premenstrual emotional disturbance. Symptoms are much more intense than typical PMS and may include extreme irritability, severe stress, uncontrollable emotions, intense depression, frequent crying, sudden anger, insomnia, fatigue, difficulty concentrating or short attention span, body swelling, significant breast tenderness, or severe headaches.

PMDD affects only about 2–10% of women who menstruate.

****If you experience any of these symptoms, it’s important to consult a doctor for proper treatment before the condition worsens.

Ways to Relieve PMS Symptoms
If PMS symptoms are not yet severe, proper self-care can help ease discomfort. Here are some effective ways to manage PMS:

• Eat a balanced diet: Focus on foods rich in carbohydrates, protein, calcium, and fiber such as whole grains, vegetables, fruits, low-fat dairy, and lean meats. Avoid foods high in salt, sugar, and fat. Eating smaller, more frequent meals throughout the day can also help reduce bloating.

• Stay hydrated: Drink enough water each day and avoid caffeinated and alcoholic beverages.

• Exercise regularly: Aim for 30 minutes of exercise, 3–5 times a week. Activities like brisk walking, cycling, or swimming can help reduce fatigue and feelings of depression.

• Get enough sleep: Ensure you get at least 8 hours of sleep each night.

• Manage stress effectively: Practice relaxation techniques such as meditation, yoga, massage, or reading to help calm the mind.

• Track your symptoms: Keep a monthly record of your PMS symptoms and cycle. This helps you anticipate and better manage upcoming symptoms.

What is Brown Discharge Before Menstruation?
Brown discharge occurs when old menstrual blood remains in the uterus or vagina, which is generally not harmful. However, if there is blood mixed with discharge accompanied by a foul odor, it could indicate an infection in the vaginal area.

What Causes Menstrual Symptoms to Appear But Not the Period?
This could be due to other underlying factors in the body, which may not necessarily be related to the onset of menstruation.

Premenstrual symptoms, such as abdominal pain, irritability, and mood swings, can occur in every woman and are generally considered normal. However, if these symptoms become severe and cause significant stress or if menstruation becomes abnormally heavy, it’s important to consult a doctor. This will allow the doctor to diagnose the cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

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